Dr. Ghani set the path for Afghanistan’s recovery after September 11th as Afghanistan’s finance minister during the Transitional Administration between 2002 and 2004. He is widely credited with the design and implementation of some of Afghanistan’s significant reforms during this period. Mr. Ghani was previously an adviser to the UN during the formulation, negotiation and implementation of the Bonn Agreement for Afghanistan and chief adviser to President Karzai during the Interim Administration. Prior to this, he was lead anthropologist at the World Bank, spending nearly a decade reviewing country strategies, conditionalities and designing reform programs, including in Russia, India, China and Vietnam. Dr. Ghani spent 10 years as an academic in international relations and political science in the United States, at Johns Hopkins, Berkeley and Columbia Universities. With Clare Lockhart, he runs the Institute for State Effectiveness, which examines the relationships among citizens, the state and the market. The ISE advises countries, companies, and NGOs; once focused mainly on Afghanistan, its mission has expanded to cover the globe. In 2009, Ghani ran against Hamid Karzai in the 2009 Afghani presidential elections, emphasizing the importance of government transparency and accountability, strong infrastructure and economic investment, and a merit-based political system.